Adverbials of Degree and Frequency

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

Adverbials are words or phrases that tell us more about a verb, an adjective or a whole sentence. Adverbials of degree show how much or to what extent. Adverbials of frequency show how often something happens. We use them to add precision and emphasis.

الدرس ده عن كلمات صغيرة بتخلي كلامك دقيق. بدل ما تقول «مصر قللت اعتمادها على البترول» تقول «مصر قللت اعتمادها على البترول بشكل كبير». وبدل «الناس بتعيد التدوير» تقول «الناس نادرًا ما بتعيد التدوير». الكلمة الزيادة دي بتوضح قد إيه أو كام مرة.

في الكتاب الدرس ده في Unit 5: The Greenhouse Effect، جزء Writing in Action: Adverbials of Degree and Frequency (صفحة 160-161)، بعد الـ podcast عن مشروعات مصر الخضرا (Benban Solar Park، Go Green Initiative، Green Cities). والكتاب بيطلب في الـ argumentative paragraph عن Egypt's Green Future إنك تستخدم 2 adverbials of degree و2 adverbials of frequency على الأقل.

الفكرة ببساطة: 3 أسئلة

Ask three questions: How much? (degree) — How often? (frequency) — What does the writer think? (certainty / stance).

الكتاب بيحط increasingly (يعني «بشكل متزايد / أكتر فأكتر») مع الـ frequency لأنها بتوصف حاجة بتحصل أكتر مع الوقت: Egypt is increasingly investing in clean energy.

Adverbials of Degree بالتفصيل

Degree adverbials can make a word stronger (extremely, highly, significantly) or weaker (slightly, fairly, relatively). They usually go before an adjective or adverb, and before or after the main verb.

فيه كلمات بتقوّي وكلمات بتضعّف. رتّبهم كده:

مكانها فين في الجملة؟

• قبل الصفة: an extremely hot summer / a highly effective project / fairly cheap panels.
• قبل الفعل الأساسي أو بعد الفعل المساعد: Egypt has significantly reduced … / Prices have dramatically fallen …
• أو بعد الفعل والمفعول (في آخر الجملة): Prices have fallen dramatically. / Emissions increased slightly.

Adverbials of Frequency بالتفصيل

One-word frequency adverbs (always, often, rarely…) go before the main verb, after the verb *be*, and after the first auxiliary. Longer frequency phrases (every year, once a week, from time to time) usually go at the beginning or end of the sentence.

أهم قاعدة: مكان الكلمة. احفظ الـ 3 حالات دي:

• Young volunteers regularly clean the beaches in Alexandria.قبل الفعل الأساسي (clean). المتطوعين بينضفوا الشواطئ بانتظام.
• Summer in Egypt is always very hot.بعد الفعل be (is). الصيف في مصر دايمًا حر جدًا.
• Old phones are rarely recycled properly.بعد be في المبني للمجهول. الموبايلات القديمة نادرًا ما بتتعاد تدويرها صح.
• The government has consistently supported green projects.بعد أول فعل مساعد (has). الحكومة دعمت المشروعات الخضرا باستمرار.
• Egypt is increasingly investing in clean energy.بعد is (أول فعل مساعد). مصر بتستثمر أكتر فأكتر في الطاقة النضيفة.
• Every year, the Go Green Initiative organises tree-planting days.عبارة تكرار طويلة (every year) في الأول أو الآخر.

Adverbials of Certainty / Stance (رأي الكاتب)

Stance adverbials show the writer's point of view or attitude. They usually come at the start of the sentence, followed by a comma.

• Clearly, individual action alone is not enough to solve the crisis.واضح إن… الكاتب متأكد ومعتمد على دليل.
• Undoubtedly, the Benban Solar Park is one of Egypt's biggest achievements.بلا شك… تأكيد قوي جدًا.
• Arguably, recycling e-waste is the most neglected environmental issue.ممكن نقول إن… رأي ممكن الناس تختلف عليه. arguably = hedge زي may.
• Currently, solar power is the fastest-growing source of renewable energy.حاليًا… بتحدد الوقت علشان الكلام دقيق.
• Generally, cities with more trees are cooler in summer.بشكل عام… مش في كل الحالات.

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة

• Air pollution in Cairo is extremely high on some winter days.تلوث الهوا عالي جدًا في أيام. degree قبل صفة.
• The cost of solar panels has fallen dramatically in the last decade.التكلفة نزلت بشكل كبير. degree في الآخر.
• Electric buses are slightly more expensive to buy but much cheaper to run.أغلى شوية في الشرا بس أرخص بكتير في التشغيل.
• Farmers in Upper Egypt frequently face water shortages.الفلاحين كتير بيواجهوا نقص في المية.
• People seldom think about where their electricity comes from.الناس نادرًا ما بتفكر الكهربا جاية منين.
• New laws have almost completely stopped the burning of rice straw in some areas.القوانين الجديدة تقريبًا وقّفت حرق قش الرز خالص.
• The Green Cities Program is highly effective in making streets cleaner.البرنامج فعّال جدًا. highly مع effective / successful / important.
• We should never throw batteries in ordinary rubbish bins.عمرنا ما المفروض نرمي البطاريات في الزبالة العادية. never بعد should (فعل مساعد).

إزاي تستخدمها في الـ Argumentative Paragraph

Degree adverbials strengthen your claims (significantly, highly). Frequency adverbials describe how efforts are progressing (increasingly, regularly). Stance adverbials show your position (clearly, arguably).

الفقرة دي عن Egypt's Green Future، والـ adverbials مكتوبة بالـ bold:

Clearly, Egypt is moving towards a greener future. The country has significantly increased its use of solar power, and projects like the Benban Solar Park are highly successful. In addition, the Go Green Initiative regularly encourages people to reduce plastic. As a result, more families are increasingly recycling their waste. However, old phones and laptops are rarely recycled safely. Arguably, schools should teach students more consistently about e-waste.

لاحظ إن الفقرة فيها: 2 degree (significantly, highly) + 3 frequency (regularly, increasingly, rarely) + stance (Clearly, Arguably) + cause-and-effect (As a result). ده بالظبط الـ checklist بتاع الكتاب.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي:

1) Choose the correct answer.

The cost of renewable energy has fallen ______ over the past ten years, so more countries can afford it.

a. rarely b. significantly c. never d. slightly

الإجابة: b. significantly. ليه؟ السؤال عن قد إيه نزلت (degree)، وso more countries can afford it يعني النزول كبير. slightly (شوية) متنفعش مع المعنى.

2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

a. Plastic bags are often use in our local markets.

b. Plastic bags often are used in our local markets.

c. Plastic bags are often used in our local markets.

d. Often plastic bags are use in our local markets.

الإجابة: c. often بعد are (أول فعل مساعد) والفعل used. (a) و(d) الفعل use لازم يبقى used (مبني للمجهول). (b) often قبل are غلط، لازم بعدها.

3) Rewrite the sentence adding the adverbial in brackets in the correct place.

The government has supported recycling projects. (consistently)

الإجابة: The government has consistently supported recycling projects. ليه؟ بعد أول فعل مساعد (has) وقبل الفعل الأساسي.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. Egypt is ______ investing in clean energy, with new solar and wind projects every year. a. never b. increasingly c. slightly d. rarely

   Show answer

   b. increasingly — «new projects every year» = أكتر فأكتر.

2. 2. Because people ______ recycle old phones, a lot of e-waste ends up in rubbish dumps. a. always b. regularly c. rarely d. consistently

   Show answer

   c. rarely — النتيجة (ends up in dumps) معناها إنهم نادرًا بيعيدوا تدويرها.

3. 3. The temperature rose only ______, by less than half a degree. a. dramatically b. slightly c. extremely d. highly

   Show answer

   b. slightly — «less than half a degree» = شوية.

4. 4. ______, individual action alone cannot solve the climate crisis. a. Clearly b. Clear c. Clearer d. Clearness

   Show answer

   a. Clearly — stance adverb في أول الجملة + فاصلة.

5. 5. Clean energy is ______ essential for the future of our planet. a. very b. slightly c. absolutely d. rarely

   Show answer

   c. absolutely — essential صفة قوية خلاص، فبتاخد absolutely مش very.

6. 6. The Benban Solar Park has been ______ successful in producing clean electricity. a. highly b. high c. seldom d. hardly

   Show answer

   a. highly — highly successful = ناجح جدًا. (b) صفة مش adverb.

7. 7. Volunteers clean the Nile banks ______, every first Friday of the month. a. never b. rarely c. regularly d. slightly

   Show answer

   c. regularly — «every first Friday» = بانتظام.

8. 8. Solar panels are now ______ cheaper than they were in 2010. a. considerably b. considerable c. consider d. never

   Show answer

   a. considerably — adverb قبل صيغة المقارنة cheaper.

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. The summer in Aswan always is extremely hot. b. The summer in Aswan is always extremely hot. c. The summer in Aswan is extremely always hot. d. Always the summer in Aswan is extreme hot.

   Show answer

   b — always بعد is، وextremely قبل الصفة hot.

2. 10. a. Young people often join environmental campaigns. b. Young people join often environmental campaigns. c. Young people often joins environmental campaigns. d. Young people join environmental often campaigns.

   Show answer

   a — often قبل الفعل الأساسي، وpeople جمع فـ join.

3. 11. a. Emissions have significant dropped this year. b. Emissions significantly have dropped this year. c. Emissions have significantly dropped this year. d. Emissions have dropped significant this year.

   Show answer

   c — بعد have وبصيغة -ly.

4. 12. a. Rarely people think about where waste goes. b. Rarely do people think about where waste goes. c. Rarely do people thinks about where waste goes. d. People rarely thinks about where waste goes.

   Show answer

   b — Rarely في الأول = inversion: do + people + think. (d) people جمع فـ think من غير s.

C. Put the adverbial in brackets in the correct place.

1. 13. Factories in industrial zones are checked by inspectors. (regularly)

   Show answer

   Factories in industrial zones are regularly checked by inspectors. — بعد are.

2. 14. Many families waste bread. (frequently)

   Show answer

   Many families frequently waste bread. — قبل الفعل الأساسي.

3. 15. The Go Green Initiative has encouraged people to use fewer plastic bags. (successfully)

   Show answer

   The Go Green Initiative has successfully encouraged people … — بعد has.

4. 16. Recycling e-waste is the biggest environmental challenge in our cities. (arguably)

   Show answer

   Arguably, recycling e-waste is the biggest … / Recycling e-waste is arguably the biggest … — رأي ممكن يختلفوا عليه.

5. 17. Solar energy is the fastest-growing renewable source. (currently)

   Show answer

   Currently, solar energy is the fastest-growing renewable source. — stance/وقت في الأول + فاصلة.

6. 18. We should throw old batteries in normal bins. (never)

   Show answer

   We should never throw old batteries in normal bins. — بعد should (أول فعل مساعد).

D. Correct the mistakes, then write.

1. 19. Find and correct the mistake: Egypt has reduced dramatical its use of fuel oil.

   Show answer

   Egypt has dramatically reduced its use of fuel oil. / … reduced its use of fuel oil dramatically. — adverb بـ -ly ومتفصلش الفعل عن المفعول.

2. 20. Find and correct the mistake: Students don't never turn off the classroom lights.

   Show answer

   Students never turn off the classroom lights. / Students don't ever turn off … — نفي مرتين غلط.

3. 21. Find and correct the mistake: The new law is very vital for protecting the Red Sea.

   Show answer

   The new law is absolutely vital for protecting the Red Sea. — vital صفة قوية.

4. 22. Write TWO sentences about green projects in Egypt: one with a degree adverbial and one with a frequency adverbial.

   Show answer

   مثال: The Benban Solar Park has greatly increased Egypt's clean electricity. Schools in our city regularly organise tree-planting days.

5. 23. Write a short argumentative paragraph (5-6 sentences) about Egypt's Green Future. Use 2 degree adverbials, 2 frequency adverbials and 1 cause-and-effect structure.

   Show answer

   مثال: Clearly, Egypt is taking real steps towards a green future. Solar power has significantly increased because of projects like Benban. The Go Green Initiative regularly runs recycling campaigns. However, plastic is still frequently thrown into canals. Therefore, the government should make recycling much easier for every family. — significantly / much = degree، regularly / frequently = frequency، because of = سبب.