تانية بكالوريا · Reading · Unit 1 · Unit 2 · Unit 4

Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims

إزاي تفرّق بين الحقيقة والرأي والادعاء المتحيز في أي مقال أو بوست، وإزاي تحوّل الجملة المتحيزة لجملة عادلة.

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

A fact can be checked and proved. An opinion is what someone thinks or feels. A biased claim is an opinion that is presented as if it were a fact: it is one-sided, exaggerated and has no fair evidence.

الدرس ده بيعلّمك تفرّق بين 3 أنواع من الجمل في أي مقال أو بوست: حقيقة (fact)، ورأي (opinion)، وادعاء متحيز (biased claim).

ده موجود في الكتاب في أكتر من وحدة: Unit 1 (هدف: «distinguish between a fact, an opinion, and a biased claim in a social media post or article»)، وUnit 2 (هدف: «distinguish fact from opinion»، وتقرير الـ Screen Time)، وUnit 4 (هدف: «distinguish between facts, opinions, and evidence within an argumentative text»، ومقال الـ Black Friday).

الفكرة ببساطة: نقدر نثبتها ولا لأ؟

Test: Can I check it? (with a number, a date, a study, a record) → fact. Can people disagree with it? → opinion. Is it an opinion dressed up as a fact, with words like all / never / everyone? → biased claim.

تخيل إن صاحبك قالك 3 جمل عن مطعم:

The restaurant opened in 2019 and serves koshari.Fact: تقدر تتأكد: افتح النت أو روح شوف. محدش يقدر يختلف عليها.
I think their koshari is delicious.Opinion: ده إحساسه هو. أنا ممكن أشوفه عادي. وفيه I think.
Everyone knows it is the best restaurant in Egypt, and all other restaurants are terrible.Biased claim: رأي متنكر في شكل حقيقة: everyone knows / best / all … terrible. مفيش دليل وظالم للباقيين.

يعني الـ biased claim هو أخطر واحد، لأنه بيتكلم بثقة كأنه حقيقة، فالقارئ ممكن يصدقه. والكتاب بيعرّف الـ biased language إنها: «words that show a strong opinion and are not fair or neutral».

جدول الفرق

النوع	يعني إيه؟	علامات بتساعدك تعرفه	مثال من موضوعات الكتاب
Fact (حقيقة)	معلومة نقدر نتحقق منها ونثبتها	أرقام، تواريخ، أماكن، نتايج بحث بمصدر: research shows / according to / in 2019 / 60%	The WHO recognised gaming disorder as a condition in 2019.
Opinion (رأي)	اللي حد شايفه أو حاسه، والناس ممكن تختلف عليه	I think / I believe / In my opinion / should / best / worst / beautiful / boring	I believe museums should be free for students.
Evidence (دليل)	حقيقة أو مثال أو بحث بنستخدمه علشان ندعم رأي	for example / a study found / the figures show / as … explains	A study found that shoppers spend more during sales.
Biased claim (ادعاء متحيز)	رأي من جانب واحد مكتوب كأنه حقيقة، فيه مبالغة ومن غير دليل عادل	كلمات مطلقة: all / every / never / always / no excuses / everyone knows + صفات قوية: evil / destroy / perfect / disaster	Gaming ruins every teenager's future.

حيلة للحفظ: 3 أسئلة

أقدر أتأكد منها؟ ← Fact.
الناس ممكن تختلف عليها؟ ← Opinion.
رأي بيتكلم كأنه حقيقة، وفيه all / never / everyone ومبالغة؟ ← Biased claim.

الجملة المخلوطة: حقيقة + رأي

Many sentences mix a fact and an opinion. Split the sentence and judge each part separately.

في المقالات كتير تلاقي جملة فيها جزء حقيقة وجزء رأي مع بعض. قسّم الجملة واحكم على كل حتة لوحدها:

The Grand Egyptian Museum is in Giza, and it is the most exciting place a student can visit.«is in Giza» = fact. «the most exciting place» = opinion.
Teenagers need eight to ten hours of sleep, so staying up late is simply foolish.أول جزء = fact (معلومة صحية). «simply foolish» = opinion بكلمة قاسية، قريبة من الـ bias.
Sales often use countdown clocks, which is a dishonest way to treat customers.استخدام العدادات = fact. dishonest = opinion (حكم الكاتب).

كلمات زي amazing, toxic, unrealistic, dishonest, wonderful اسمها في الكتاب evaluative adjectives = صفات فيها حكم أو رأي. أول ما تشوفها اعرف إن فيه رأي.

إزاي نحوّل الـ biased claim لجملة عادلة؟

Replace absolute words with hedging (may, might, could, some, many, often) and add a source if possible.

الكتاب في Unit 1 بيعلّمك تعيد كتابة الجملة المتحيزة بلغة محايدة (neutral) وفيها hedging (يعني كلمات بتخلي الكلام حذر ومش مطلق، زي may / some / research suggests):

متحيز (Biased)	عادل (Neutral + Hedging)	اللي اتغيّر
All teenagers are addicted to video games.	Some teenagers may find it hard to limit the time they spend on video games.	all ← some ، are addicted ← may find it hard to limit
Fast food is poison.	Eating fast food too often can harm health.	poison (مبالغة) ← can harm + too often
Museums never tell the truth about the past.	Museums may present only some parts of the past.	never ← may + only some parts
Black Friday is a total scam.	Research suggests that many shoppers spend more during sales than they plan to.	scam ← رأي اتحول لمعلومة بمصدر

قطعة للتطبيق: مقال رأي

اقرا المقال القصير ده (أصلي، عن موضوع Unit 4: الأكل اللي بيترمي). الجمل مترقمة علشان تحكم على كل واحدة.

Our Bins Are Full, and It's Our Fault

(1) In many Egyptian homes, food is cooked in large amounts, especially during family gatherings and Ramadan. (2) I believe this generosity is one of the most beautiful parts of our culture. (3) However, a survey of 200 families in one Cairo district found that almost a third of the food they cooked each week ended up in the bin. (4) Everyone who throws away bread is completely selfish and does not care about the poor. (5) Food waste also harms the planet, because rotting food in landfills produces methane, a gas that adds to global warming. (6) Supermarkets are evil companies that trick us into buying more than we need. (7) In my opinion, schools should teach students how to plan meals and store leftovers. (8) For example, one school in Giza started a "Leftover Day" and reported that canteen waste fell over one term. (9) Small changes at home could make a real difference.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟ (أمثلة محلولة)

سؤال 1: Is sentence (3) a fact, an opinion or a biased claim? Explain.

Fact — it gives a number (200 families, almost a third) from a survey that can be checked.

فيها رقم ومصدر (survey) يعني نقدر نتأكد منها. وكمان هي evidence بيستخدمها الكاتب.

سؤال 2: Find ONE biased claim in the article and explain why it is biased.

Sentence (4): "Everyone who throws away bread is completely selfish…" It is biased because it uses absolute words (everyone, completely) and a strong judgement (selfish) with no evidence. It is not fair to people who waste food by accident.

سؤال 3: Rewrite sentence (6) using neutral and hedging language.

Answer: Some supermarket offers may encourage customers to buy more than they need.

شيلنا evil (مبالغة)، وحطينا some وmay بدل التعميم.

أشهر الأخطاء

تفتكر إن أي جملة فيها رقم = حقيقة ← لازم الرقم يبقى من مصدر ويتأكد منه. «Ninety-nine per cent of people hate sales» من غير مصدر = biased claim.
تفتكر إن الرأي غلط ← الرأي مش غلط، هو بس مش حقيقة. والرأي اللي معاه سبب ودليل رأي قوي (ده الـ JRE).
تقول إن الجملة fact لأنك موافق عليها ← موافقتك مش مقياس. اسأل: تتثبت؟
تنسى إن should = رأي/نصيحة دايمًا.
تحكم على الجملة كلها وهي مخلوطة ← قسّمها لجزء حقيقة وجزء رأي.

إزاي تجاوب في الامتحان

اكتب النوع (Fact / Opinion / Biased claim) + السبب في كلمتين: «because it can be checked» / «because it shows the writer's feeling» / «because it uses absolute words with no evidence».
استخدم الكلمة اللي في الجملة كدليل: «The word 'evil' shows a strong opinion».
لو السؤال عايز evidence: دوّر على for example / a study / a survey / according to.

تدريب

A. Read the article "Our Bins Are Full" again. Is each sentence a Fact (F), an Opinion (O) or a Biased claim (B)? Give a short reason.

1. Sentence (1)
Show answer
F — نقدر نتأكد إن الأكل بيتطبخ بكميات كبيرة في التجمعات ورمضان. وصف لواقع مش حكم.
2. Sentence (2)
Show answer
O — «I believe» + «most beautiful» = رأي الكاتب ومشاعره.
3. Sentence (5)
Show answer
F — معلومة علمية: الأكل اللي بيتعفن في المدافن بيطلّع غاز الميثان. تتثبت.
4. Sentence (6)
Show answer
B — «evil» و«trick us» تعميم على كل السوبرماركتات، ومن غير دليل.
5. Sentence (7)
Show answer
O — «In my opinion» + «should».
6. Sentence (8)
Show answer
F (وهي كمان evidence) — مثال محدد من مدرسة ونتيجة اتسجلت.
7. Sentence (9)
Show answer
O — رأي حذر (could) عن اللي ممكن يحصل. مش متحيز لأنه مش مبالغ.

B. Fact, Opinion or Biased claim? (sentences from the unit themes)

8. The WHO recommends that teenagers do at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day.
Show answer
Fact — توصية رسمية من مصدر معروف، تتأكد منها.
9. Every successful person wakes up at 5 a.m.
Show answer
Biased claim — «Every» تعميم من غير دليل، والكتاب جاب جملة شبهها في بوست الـ influencer.
10. I think drawing is more relaxing than gaming.
Show answer
Opinion — «I think» ورأي شخصي.
11. Gaming makes all teenagers violent.
Show answer
Biased claim — «all» + نتيجة مبالغ فيها من غير بحث.
12. The Grand Egyptian Museum is located near the Giza pyramids.
Show answer
Fact — معلومة مكان تتثبت.
13. Fast fashion is the worst invention in human history.
Show answer
Biased claim — «the worst… in human history» مبالغة كبيرة مكتوبة كأنها حقيقة.
14. Young people should spend more time outdoors.
Show answer
Opinion — «should» = نصيحة/رأي.

C. Choose the correct answer.

15. Which sentence is a fact? a. Cycling is the best sport. b. The race was 10 km long. c. Everyone loves cycling. d. Running is boring.
Show answer
b — مسافة تتقاس وتتثبت.
16. Which word usually shows an opinion? a. measured b. recorded c. wonderful d. published
Show answer
c — wonderful صفة فيها حكم (evaluative adjective).
17. A biased claim is… a. a fact with a source b. a fair opinion with evidence c. a one-sided opinion presented as a fact d. a question
Show answer
c — ده تعريف الـ biased claim.
18. Which phrase introduces evidence? a. I feel that… b. A study found that… c. Everyone knows that… d. It's obvious that…
Show answer
b — بحث = دليل. أما «Everyone knows» و«It's obvious» فدي علامات bias، بتحاول تقنعك من غير دليل.

D. Rewrite these biased claims using neutral and hedging language.

19. Teenagers never read books any more.
Show answer
مثال: Some teenagers may read fewer books than in the past.
20. Online shopping completely destroys local shops.
Show answer
مثال: Online shopping could reduce the number of customers for some local shops.
21. Everyone who plays video games is lazy.
Show answer
مثال: Spending too many hours on video games might reduce some players' physical activity.

E. JRE questions.

22. "The writer of 'Our Bins Are Full' is completely fair." Do you agree? Give your claim, a reason and evidence from the text.
Show answer
مثال: (Claim) I partly disagree. (Reason) The writer uses some facts and evidence, but some sentences are biased. (Evidence) For example, the survey in sentence (3) is a fact, but sentence (4) says that "everyone who throws away bread is completely selfish", which is an unfair generalisation.
23. Why is it important for teenagers to tell the difference between facts and biased claims online?
Show answer
مثال: It is important because biased claims sound confident, so teenagers may believe them and make bad choices. For example, a post that says "every successful person" follows one routine could make young people feel like failures. Checking for facts and sources helps them think critically.

Model answer: an analytical answer about fact and opinion93 words

Task: Read sentence (8) and sentence (6) of the article. Which one is more convincing? Explain using the terms fact, opinion, evidence and bias.

Sentence (8) is more convincing than sentence (6). This is because sentence (8) gives evidence: it describes a real example from a school in Giza and a result that was recorded, as canteen waste "fell over one term". This fact supports the writer's opinion that schools should teach students about food waste. In contrast, sentence (6) is a biased claim. It calls supermarkets "evil companies" without giving any facts or sources, and it suggests that every supermarket behaves in the same way. Therefore, a careful reader is more likely to trust sentence (8).

ليه النموذج ده قوي؟

أول جملة = claim واضح بيجاوب السؤال على طول.
«This is because» = reason، وبعدها evidence مقتبس بين علامات تنصيص.
استخدم المصطلحات المطلوبة: evidence / fact / opinion / biased claim.
«In contrast» علشان يقارن، و«Therefore» علشان يختم. مفيش أي semicolon ولا مبالغة.

ملخص الدرس في سطرين

Fact = تتثبت (رقم، تاريخ، مكان، بحث بمصدر). Opinion = رأي ممكن نختلف عليه (I think / should / best).
Biased claim = رأي متنكر كحقيقة: all / every / never / everyone knows + صفات قوية + من غير دليل.
Evidence = حقيقة أو مثال بنستخدمه علشان ندعم رأي (for example / a study found).
الجملة المخلوطة: قسّمها. والجملة المتحيزة: صلّحها بـ hedging (may / some / could).

كل دروس المنهج

Grammar · القواعد

Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة

Reading · القراية

Listening · الاستماع

Speaking · الكلام

Writing · الكتابة

Literature · الأدب والقصة