تانية بكالوريا · Vocabulary · Unit 6
Global Responsibility and Advocacy
أهم كلمات Unit 6 (The Space We Share) بالمعنى الإنجليزي والعربي وأمثلة، وعيلات الكلمات والـ collocations وتدريبات زي المراجعات.
الدرس ده عن إيه؟
This page collects the key vocabulary of Unit 6: The Space We Share. Each word has a simple English meaning, the Arabic meaning and a short example. Then you will practise word families, collocations, prefixes and suffixes, synonyms and antonyms.
الصفحة دي فيها أهم كلمات Unit 6: The Space We Share، متقسمة حسب دروس الوحدة. الوحدة كلها عن فكرة إن الكوكب ده مشترك بينا وبين الحيوانات والدول التانية، وإن كل واحد عليه مسؤولية (responsibility)، وإن فيه ناس بتدافع (advocate) عن اللي مالوش صوت زي الحيوانات والبيئة.
الكلمات دي متاخدة من نصوص الوحدة وجداول الـ Vocabulary وMedia Analysis: Key Concepts في الكتاب: 6.1 A World We Borrow (الطيور المهاجرة والأراضي الرطبة)، 6.2 When Needs Compete (الفلاح والأفيال)، 6.3 Voices for the Voiceless (نور والسلاحف البحرية)، 6.4 Global Citizens, Local Actions (زراعة المانجروف)، وكمان Consolidation Review C.
إزاي تذاكر الكلمات صح؟
Do not learn a word alone. Learn its meaning in context, its family (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) and the words that usually go with it (collocations).
أسئلة الكتاب والمراجعات مش بتسألك «ترجم الكلمة» وخلاص. بتحطلك الكلمة جوه جملة وتسألك معناها في السياق ده (What does … mean in this context?)، أو تطلب منك تغيّر شكل الكلمة (noun / adjective / adverb)، أو تطلع مرادف أو عكس من قطعة. علشان كده ذاكر كل كلمة بالطريقة دي:
- اقرا المثال الأول وافهم الكلمة من الجملة قبل ما تبص على الترجمة.
- احفظ المعنى الإنجليزي البسيط، لأن الاختيارات في الـ MCQ بتيجي تعريفات بالإنجليزي.
- اعرف عيلة الكلمة: الاسم والفعل والصفة والظرف.
- اعرف الكلمة بتيجي مع إيه (collocation) زي reach a compromise مش do a compromise.
- اكتب جملة بنفسك عن موضوع الوحدة بكل كلمة جديدة. الكتاب بيطلب كده في Practice: Write FOUR sentences using words from the text.
كلمات 6.1: A World We Borrow
النص بيتكلم عن مليارات الطيور اللي بتهاجر كل خريف من أوروبا وآسيا وبتعدي فوق مصر، وإن مفيش دولة لوحدها تقدر تحميها.
| Word / phrase | Meaning / use |
|---|---|
| migrate / migratory | يهاجر / مهاجر · to move from one place to another every season · مثال: Migratory birds fly over Egypt every autumn. |
| finite resources | موارد محدودة · natural things that can run out · مثال: Water and land are finite resources. |
| wetland | أرض رطبة / مستنقعات · land that is wet most of the time, like marshes · مثال: Birds rest in the wetlands of the Nile Delta. |
| staggering | مذهل / ضخم جدًا · extremely impressive or surprising in size · مثال: The number of birds was staggering. |
| stopover | محطة توقف (استراحة) · a short rest or stop during a long journey · مثال: Lake Burullus is a stopover for many birds. |
| drained | اتصرفت منه المية (اتجفف) · having had the water removed from it · مثال: The marsh was drained for farming. |
| conservationist | شخص بيحمي البيئة والحياة البرية · a person who works to protect nature and wildlife · مثال: Conservationists count the birds every year. |
| enforcement | تطبيق القانون (الإلزام بيه) · making sure people follow rules or laws · مثال: Strong enforcement stops illegal hunting. |
| tighten (budgets tighten) | تضيق / تتقلص (الميزانية) · become more limited because less money is available · مثال: When budgets tighten, nature projects are cut first. |
| ecotourism | السياحة البيئية · tourism that visits nature without harming it · مثال: Ecotourism brings income to local families. |
| negotiation | تفاوض · discussion to reach an agreement · مثال: The plan needed long negotiation between farmers and officials. |
| legitimate needs | احتياجات مشروعة (ليها حق) · needs that are fair and reasonable · مثال: Farmers and birds both have legitimate needs. |
| consequences | عواقب / نتايج · results of an action, often bad ones · مثال: The consequences are felt thousands of kilometres away. |
كلمات 6.2: When Needs Compete
التسجيل بيحكي عن Grace الفلاحة اللي الأفيال بتدخل مزرعتها، والمشكلة إن الطرفين ليهم حق.
| Word / phrase | Meaning / use |
|---|---|
| prolonged | طويل / ممتد · continuing for a long time · مثال: A prolonged drought pushed elephants onto farms. |
| trampled | داس على (واتلف) · stepped heavily on something and damaged it · مثال: Elephants trampled Grace's maize. |
| poaching | الصيد غير القانوني · illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals · مثال: Poaching puts elephants in danger. |
| (wildlife) corridor | ممر للحيوانات · a strip of land that lets animals move safely between habitats · مثال: A wildlife corridor connects the two forests. |
| uninvited | من غير دعوة / مش مرغوب فيه · arriving without being asked or wanted · مثال: Elephants are uninvited guests on the farm. |
| legal | قانوني · allowed by law · مثال: Is it legal to scare animals away with fire? |
| vegetation | النباتات (الغطاء النباتي) · plants growing in a particular area · مثال: Rain brings fresh vegetation to the reserve. |
| endangered species | أنواع مهددة بالانقراض · animals or plants that may soon disappear · مثال: Elephants are an endangered species. |
| habitat loss | فقدان الموطن الطبيعي · when animals lose the place where they live · مثال: Habitat loss is caused by growing towns. |
| coexistence | التعايش · living together in peace · مثال: Farmers and wildlife need peaceful coexistence. |
كلمات 6.3: Voices for the Voiceless
قصة نور اللي لقت سلحفاة بحرية ميتة متلخبطة في شبكة صيد قرب الغردقة، وبدأت حملة لتنضيف الشواطئ.
| Word / phrase | Meaning / use |
|---|---|
| advocate (for) | يدافع عن / يتكلم باسم · to speak publicly in support of a person or cause · مثال: Nour advocates for sea turtles. |
| voiceless | اللي مالوش صوت · unable to speak for itself · مثال: Animals are voiceless, so we speak for them. |
| tangled | متلخبط / متشبك · caught or twisted together in a confused mess · مثال: The turtle was tangled in a net. |
| discarded | مرمي (اتخلصوا منه) · thrown away because no longer wanted · مثال: Discarded nets kill sea animals. |
| campaign | حملة · an organised series of actions with a social or political goal · مثال: Her campaign started with one post. |
| lobby | يضغط على (الحكومة) · to try to persuade a government to support a cause · مثال: Turtles cannot lobby the government. |
| livelihood | مصدر الرزق / أكل العيش · a person's main way of earning money · مثال: Fishing is their livelihood, not a hobby. |
| compromise | حل وسط · an agreement where each side gives up part of what it wanted · مثال: Safer nets were a fair compromise. |
| outlast | يعيش أطول من / يفضل بعد · to continue to exist for longer than something else · مثال: The project outlasted her first anger. |
| objection | اعتراض · a reason for not agreeing · مثال: She listened to the fishermen's objections. |
| outrage | غضب شديد · a strong feeling of anger · مثال: Online outrage alone changes very little. |
| donation | تبرع · money or things given to help others · مثال: Donations paid for safer equipment. |
كلمات 6.4: Global Citizens, Local Actions
ثريد على السوشيال ميديا عن متطوعين زرعوا 500 شتلة مانجروف على ساحل البحر الأحمر، وتسجيل عن إزاي المشاريع الصغيرة بتعلّم المواطنة العالمية.
| Word / phrase | Meaning / use |
|---|---|
| biodiversity | التنوع البيولوجي · the variety of plant and animal life in an area · مثال: Mangroves increase biodiversity on the coast. |
| coastal erosion | تآكل الساحل · the slow wearing away of land along the coast · مثال: Roots reduce coastal erosion. |
| conservation | الحفاظ على البيئة · protection and careful management of nature · مثال: Conservation needs money and people. |
| ecosystem | نظام بيئي · living things interacting with their environment · مثال: A wetland is a rich ecosystem. |
| stewardship | رعاية مسؤولة (أمانة) · responsible care of something entrusted to you · مثال: Students learn stewardship of their shoreline. |
| citizen science | علم المواطنين · ordinary people collecting scientific data as volunteers · مثال: Counting birds is a form of citizen science. |
| global citizenship | المواطنة العالمية · feeling responsible for the whole world, not only your country · مثال: Global citizenship begins with one beach. |
| abstract | مجرد / نظري · existing as an idea, not as something real · مثال: 'Save the planet' is too abstract for many people. |
| engagement | مشاركة / انخراط · active involvement in something · مثال: Student engagement grew every term. |
| measurable | يمكن قياسه · able to be judged using a clear standard · مثال: The project gave measurable results. |
| paralysis | شلل (عدم القدرة على التصرف) · being unable to act because you feel overwhelmed · مثال: Huge problems can cause paralysis. |
| single-handedly | لوحده (من غير مساعدة) · without any help from anyone else · مثال: No school can single-handedly save the ocean. |
| indefinitely | لأجل غير مسمى · without any fixed end point in time · مثال: The project cannot continue indefinitely without funds. |
كلمات من Consolidation Review C
| Word / phrase | Meaning / use |
|---|---|
| greenhouse effect | الاحتباس الحراري (تأثير الصوبة) · gases trapping heat in the atmosphere · مثال: The greenhouse effect makes the Earth warmer. |
| at an alarming rate | بمعدل مقلق · very fast in a worrying way · مثال: Trees are disappearing at an alarming rate. |
| habitat fragmentation | تقطيع الموطن الطبيعي · dividing large natural areas into small separate parts · مثال: Roads cause habitat fragmentation. |
| extinction | انقراض · when a species disappears completely · مثال: Isolation increases the risk of extinction. |
| consensus | إجماع / اتفاق عام · an agreement accepted by everyone · مثال: The meeting ended with a consensus. |
| barren ↔ fertile | أرض جرداء ↔ أرض خصبة · land that grows nothing ↔ land that grows a lot · مثال: The barren land slowly became fertile. |
عيلة الكلمة (Word Families)
Many questions ask for the correct form of the word in brackets. Learn the noun, verb, adjective and adverb together.
الجدول ده فيه أشهر عيلات الكلمات في الوحدة. الخانة اللي فيها (—) يعني مفيش شكل مشهور منها في المستوى ده.
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb | المعنى |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| conserve | conservation / conservationist (person) | conserved | — | يحافظ على / الحفاظ |
| migrate | migration / migrant (person) | migratory | — | يهاجر / هجرة |
| enforce | enforcement | enforceable | — | يطبّق (القانون) |
| measure | measurement | measurable | measurably | يقيس / قابل للقياس |
| sustain | sustainability | sustainable | sustainably | يحافظ على استمرار / مستدام |
| advocate | advocacy / advocate (person) | — | — | يدافع عن / الدفاع |
| negotiate | negotiation | negotiable | — | يتفاوض / تفاوض |
| protect | protection | protective | protectively | يحمي / حماية |
| destroy | destruction | destructive | destructively | يدمّر / تدمير |
| engage | engagement | engaged / engaging | — | يشارك / مشاركة |
| — | responsibility | responsible | responsibly | مسؤولية / مسؤول |
| — | efficiency | efficient | efficiently | كفاءة / كفء |
| endanger | danger | endangered / dangerous | dangerously | يعرّض للخطر |
إزاي أعرف محتاج أنهي شكل من الكلمة؟
Look at the word before and after the gap. The position tells you if you need a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
في سؤال Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets بص على مكان الفراغ:
| قبل الفراغ / بعده | محتاج إيه؟ | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| a / an / the / my / effective + ___ | اسم (noun) وغالبًا بيكون بعد صفة | effective conservation |
| ___ + اسم | صفة (adjective) | measurable results |
| فاعل + ___ (والجملة ناقصها فعل) | فعل (verb) في الزمن الصح | Volunteers conserve water. |
| فعل + ___ أو ___ + صفة | ظرف (adverb) وغالبًا آخره -ly | grow rapidly / highly skilled |
| is / are / become / feel + ___ | صفة في الغالب | The plan is sustainable. |
| preposition (of / for / in / about) + ___ | اسم أو -ing | the need for cooperation |
كلمات بتيجي مع بعض (Collocations)
A collocation is a group of words that native speakers usually use together. Using them makes your writing sound natural.
الـ collocation يعني كلمتين «متجوزين»: لازم تستخدمهم مع بعض. مثلًا بنقول reach a compromise (أو make a compromise) ومنقولش do a compromise. احفظهم كده:
| Collocation | المعنى | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| share finite resources | يتقاسموا موارد محدودة | Countries share finite resources like rivers. |
| cross borders | يعدّي الحدود | Birds cross borders without passports. |
| launch / run a campaign | يبدأ / يدير حملة | Nour launched a campaign to clean beaches. |
| lobby the government | يضغط على الحكومة | Groups lobby the government to protect wetlands. |
| reach a compromise | يوصلوا لحل وسط | Farmers and officials reached a compromise. |
| file a complaint | يقدّم شكوى | Wildlife cannot file a complaint. |
| raise awareness (of) | ينشر الوعي بـ | Posts raise awareness of plastic waste. |
| take action | ياخد خطوة / يتحرك | We must take action before it is too late. |
| make a (measurable) difference | يعمل فرق (ممكن يتقاس) | Small projects make a measurable difference. |
| protect endangered species | يحمي الأنواع المهددة | Reserves protect endangered species. |
| illegal poaching | صيد غير قانوني | Illegal poaching must be stopped. |
| cause damage (to) | يسبب ضرر لـ | Floods caused damage to the crops. |
| earn a livelihood | يكسب رزقه | Fishermen earn a livelihood from the sea. |
البادئات واللواحق (Prefixes & Suffixes)
A prefix comes at the start of a word and often changes its meaning. A suffix comes at the end and often changes the word class (noun, adjective…).
الـ prefix حتة في أول الكلمة وغالبًا بتعكس المعنى. الـ suffix حتة في آخر الكلمة وبتقولك هي اسم ولا صفة ولا ظرف. ده بيساعدك في سؤال الـ correct form وفي إنك تخمّن معنى كلمة جديدة.
| الجزء | معناه | أمثلة من الوحدة |
|---|---|---|
| un- (prefix) | مش / عكس | uninvited, unstated, unlimited, unfair |
| il- / ir- / in- (prefix) | مش (عكس) | illegal, irresponsible, indefinitely, infinite |
| non- (prefix) | غير | non-renewable, non-profit |
| over- (prefix) | زيادة عن اللزوم | overfishing, overuse, overwhelmed |
| -ist (suffix) | شخص (اسم) | conservationist, biologist, activist |
| -tion / -ment (suffix) | اسم | migration, negotiation, enforcement, engagement |
| -able (suffix) | صفة: ممكن يتعمل | measurable, sustainable, renewable |
| -ity (suffix) | اسم (صفة مجردة) | biodiversity, sustainability, responsibility |
| -ship (suffix) | اسم: حالة أو دور | stewardship, citizenship, partnership |
| -less (suffix) | من غير | voiceless, careless, hopeless |
| -ly (suffix) | ظرف | single-handedly, sustainably, responsibly |
المرادفات والأضداد (Synonyms & Antonyms)
Reviews often ask you to find words in the text that are synonyms or antonyms of given words. Learn the pairs below.
| Word | Synonym (نفس المعنى) | Antonym (العكس) | المعنى |
|---|---|---|---|
| staggering | astonishing / enormous | ordinary / tiny | مذهل |
| finite | limited | infinite / unlimited | محدود |
| prolonged | extended / long | brief / short | ممتد |
| discarded | thrown away | kept / reused | مرمي |
| legal | lawful | illegal | قانوني |
| abstract | theoretical | concrete / practical | نظري |
| preserve / conserve | protect | destroy / damage | يحافظ |
| consensus | agreement | disagreement | إجماع |
| fertile | productive | barren | خصب |
| alarming rate | worrying speed | stable rate | معدل مقلق |
| outrage | anger / fury | calm | غضب |
| continuity | constancy / no breaks | intermittency | استمرارية |
| temporary | short-term | permanent / indefinite | مؤقت |
فقرة بالكلمات الجديدة
اقرا الفقرة دي وركّز على الكلمات اللي بالـ bold. كلها من الوحدة، ولاحظ إزاي اتحطت في سياق طبيعي:
Every autumn, a staggering number of migratory birds cross our skies. They depend on a chain of wetlands, and each stopover belongs to a different country. If one wetland is drained, the consequences are felt far away. That is why conservationists say that protecting wildlife is a shared responsibility.
Last year, a group of students in Hurghada launched a campaign to remove discarded nets from the beach. At first, some fishermen had objections because fishing is their livelihood. After a long negotiation, both sides reached a compromise: donations would pay for safer nets. The students also planted mangroves and recorded measurable results, such as less coastal erosion. Their project shows that global citizenship is not an abstract idea. It starts with one beach and real engagement.
لاحظ: الفقرة فيها reached a compromise وlaunched a campaign (collocations)، وفيها كلمات من عيلات مختلفة: conservationists (اسم شخص) و measurable (صفة). استخدم نفس الأسلوب لما تكتب الـ email في الـ Summative Task.
- ✗ do a compromise ← ✓ reach / make a compromise
- ✗ Fishing is their live. ← ✓ Fishing is their livelihood. (الاسم مش الفعل)
- ✗ The project gave measure results. ← ✓ The project gave measurable results. (قبل الاسم = صفة)
- ✗ conservation (عن شخص) ← ✓ conservationist = الشخص، conservation = عملية الحفاظ
- ✗ advocate about turtles ← ✓ advocate for turtles
- ✗ Poaching is unlegal. ← ✓ Poaching is illegal. (قبل l بنستخدم il-)
- -ist = بني آدم: conservationist / activist / biologist.
- في سؤال in this context ارجع للجملة وجرّب كل اختيار مكان الكلمة. الاختيار اللي يخلّي الجملة منطقية هو الصح.
- في سؤال antonyms from the text دوّر في القطعة على كلمة من نفس النوع (صفة قصاد صفة، اسم قصاد اسم).
- اربط كل كلمة بصورة من الوحدة: tangled = السلحفاة في الشبكة، trampled = الفيل في مزرعة Grace.
إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟
الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:
1) Choose the correct answer: What does the word mean in this context?
Many families in the village earn their livelihood from the river. What does "livelihood" mean in this context?
a. a protected habitat b. a way of earning money c. a short rest d. a public campaign
الإجابة: b. الجملة بتقول «بيكسبوا ... من النهر» يعني مصدر رزقهم. الاختيارات التانية كلمات تانية من الوحدة (habitat / stopover / campaign) وده فخ متكرر.
2) Complete the sentence using the correct form of the word in brackets.
Effective ________ (conserve) requires countries to work together.
الإجابة: conservation. قبل الفراغ صفة (effective) وبعده فعل (requires)، يبقى محتاجين اسم فاعل للجملة.
3) Find the words in the text that are antonyms of the words below.
The meeting ended in complete agreement. Everyone accepted the plan, and the dry land slowly became productive again.
Find antonyms of: (a) disagreement (b) barren
الإجابة: (a) agreement (b) productive. دوّرنا على اسم عكس disagreement، وصفة عكس barren.
تدريب
A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Funding for wetland projects is often the first thing cut when budgets tighten. What does "tighten" mean in this context? a. become more limited b. become more popular c. become illegal d. become stronger
Show answer
a. become more limited — لما الفلوس تقل، الميزانية بتضيق.2. A large bird stopped at Lake Qarun for two days during its long journey south. The lake was a ________ for the bird. a. corridor b. stopover c. compromise d. campaign
Show answer
b. stopover — محطة استراحة قصيرة في رحلة طويلة.3. Elephants trampled the farmer's young plants. What does "trampled" mean? a. planted carefully b. stepped heavily on and damaged c. watered regularly d. carried away
Show answer
b — داس عليها وبوّظها.4. Illegal hunting of wild animals is called ________. a. poaching b. vegetation c. stewardship d. ecotourism
Show answer
a. poaching — الصيد غير القانوني.5. "Save the planet" can feel too abstract, so students prefer clear tasks like planting ten trees. The opposite of "abstract" is ________. a. theoretical b. enormous c. concrete d. general
Show answer
c. concrete — abstract = فكرة نظرية، وعكسها حاجة ملموسة واضحة.6. Nour's beach clean-ups outlasted the anger that started them. This means the clean-ups ________. a. ended quickly b. continued longer than the anger c. made her angrier d. replaced the fishermen
Show answer
b — outlast = يفضل موجود أطول من حاجة تانية.7. Ordinary volunteers collect data about birds for a local study. This is an example of ________. a. citizen science b. habitat loss c. enforcement d. paralysis
Show answer
a. citizen science — ناس عادية بتجمع بيانات علمية كمتطوعين.
B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.
8. The project produced ________ (measure) results that the council could evaluate.
Show answer
measurable — قبل الاسم results محتاجين صفة.9. Renewable energy is essential for long-term environmental ________ (sustain).
Show answer
sustainability — بعد صفة environmental محتاجين اسم.10. Many ________ (conserve) believe that wetlands must be protected.
Show answer
conservationists — Many + اسم جمع لأشخاص (بيعتقدوا).11. Strict ________ (enforce) of fishing rules protects sea turtles.
Show answer
enforcement — بعد الصفة strict اسم.12. Every year, millions of birds ________ (migrate) across the Mediterranean.
Show answer
migrate — بعد الفاعل محتاجين فعل في المضارع البسيط.13. We should use water ________ (responsible) because it is a finite resource.
Show answer
responsibly — بيوصف الفعل use، يبقى ظرف.14. Students showed great ________ (engage) in the mangrove project.
Show answer
engagement — بعد الصفة great اسم.
C. Read the text, then find the words or phrases that are synonyms or antonyms of the words below.
Last spring, our village faced a serious problem. Plastic waste was reaching the river at a worrying speed. At first, people could not agree, but after a long meeting they finally reached an agreement. Volunteers collected the thrown-away bags, and the riverbank, which had been dry and empty, became productive again. The effort was long: it continued for many months.
15. A synonym of "alarming rate"
Show answer
worrying speed16. An antonym of "disagreement"
Show answer
agreement17. A synonym of "discarded"
Show answer
thrown-away18. An antonym of "fertile" (an adjective)
Show answer
dry and empty — وصف الأرض قبل ما تبقى خصبة (barren).19. An antonym of "brief"
Show answer
long — (The effort was long) يعني prolonged.
D. Complete the text with words from the box.
livelihood – compromise – campaign – discarded – advocate – lobby
20. Nour started a ________ to clean the beaches of Hurghada.
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campaign — حملة ليها هدف.21. She found a turtle caught in a ________ fishing net.
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discarded — شبكة مرمية.22. Fishermen said the sea was their ________, so changing nets was costly.
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livelihood — مصدر رزقهم.23. After long talks, both sides accepted a ________: safer nets paid for by donations.
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compromise — حل وسط.24. Volunteers ________ the local council to ban plastic bags near the shore.
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lobby — يضغطوا على المسؤولين علشان يدعموا قضية.25. We must ________ for animals because they cannot speak for themselves.
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advocate — advocate for = يدافع عن.
- كلمات الوحدة بتدور حول: الحيوانات والموارد المشتركة (migratory, finite, wetland)، الصراع على الأرض (livelihood, poaching, corridor)، الدفاع عن البيئة (advocate, campaign, lobby, compromise) والمواطنة العالمية (biodiversity, stewardship, measurable).
- احفظ عيلة الكلمة: conserve → conservation → conservationist / measure → measurable / sustain → sustainability.
- احفظ الـ collocations: reach a compromise, launch a campaign, lobby the government, file a complaint.
- في سؤال in this context رجّع الكلمة للجملة. وفي الـ antonyms دوّر على كلمة من نفس النوع.
كل دروس المنهج
Grammar · القواعد
- Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)
- Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging
- Gerunds and Infinitives
- Narrative Tenses
- Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time
- Concession Clauses
- The Passive Voice for Formal Reporting
- The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)
- Fronting for Emphasis
- Cause-and-Effect Structures
- Modal Verbs (could, should, may, must)
- Adverbials of Degree and Frequency
- Reported Speech
- Used to / Would (Past Habits)
- The Present Continuous
- Linking Words and Logical Connectors
- The Causative: have / get something done
- So… that / Such… that
- Stative Verbs vs Action Verbs
- Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)
Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة
- Well-being and Mental Health
- Leisure, Screen Time, Arts and Sport
- History, Heritage and Museums
- Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture
- Climate Change and Renewable Energy
- Global Responsibility and Advocacy
- Passion, Hobbies and Community
- Vocational Education and Careers
- Belonging and Inclusion
- Hidden Costs and Fast Fashion
- Persuasive and Biased Language: intensifiers, rhetorical questions, absolute language
- Hedging and Neutral Language
- Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
- Concession Language
- Media Literacy: fact, opinion, bias and greenwashing
Reading · القراية
- Reading for Gist and Key Detail
- True / False / Not Given with justification
- Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims
- Identifying Bias in Media Texts
- Rhetorical Devices and Their Effects
- The Writer's Viewpoint and Tone
- Main Argument and Supporting Points
- Cause and Effect in Informational Texts
- Text Types: reports, articles, opinion articles, narratives and profiles
- Vocabulary in Context
- Evaluating the Reliability of Online Content
Listening · الاستماع
- Broadcasts, Podcasts, Radio Programmes and Media Reports
- Listening for Main Ideas and Specific Information
- Stated vs Unstated Information
- The Speaker's Perspective
- Technical Terms in Context
Speaking · الكلام
- Giving and Justifying an Opinion (JRE)
- Acknowledging an Opposing Viewpoint
- Structured Presentations (3–5 minutes)
- Pair and Group Discussions
- Debates
- Role-plays and Pitches
- Reporting Other People's Views
Writing · الكتابة
- The JRE Analytical Paragraph
- Reflective Writing
- Opinion Paragraph
- Diary Entry
- Discursive Paragraph
- Opinion Article
- Review
- Argumentative Paragraph
- Informational Leaflet
- Formal Email
- Persuasive Email
- Proposal
- Discursive Essay
- Blog Post
- Recommendation Report
- Personal Development Plan
- Personal Narrative
- Problem-Solution Paragraph
Literature · الأدب والقصة
- The Lost World — the set novel
- The Lost World · Chapter 1: A Dream of Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 2: Professor Challenger's Secret
- The Lost World · Chapter 3: The Expedition Is Chosen
- The Lost World · Chapter 4: Into the Unknown
- The Lost World · Chapter 5: Trapped in the Lost World
- The Lost World · Chapter 6: Malone's Night Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 7: Prisoners of the Ape-Men
- The Lost World · Chapter 8: The Battle for the Plateau
- The Lost World · Chapter 9: The Hidden Way Home
- The Lost World · Chapter 10: Proof Before the World
- Literary Extract: “Not Exactly a Relaxing Day”
- Narrative Techniques: simile, contrast and personal voice
- Mood, Tone and the Narrator's Shifting Feelings
- Characters, Themes and Key Events