Cause-and-Effect Structures

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

Cause-and-effect structures are words and phrases that show why something happens (the cause) and what happens because of it (the effect).

الدرس ده عن الكلمات اللي بتربط السبب بـالنتيجة. يعني إيه؟ «الجو سخن علشان كده الجليد بيدوب». كلمة «علشان كده» دي هي اللي هنتعلمها بالإنجليزي، وهي أهم أداة في الكتابة عن المناخ.

في الكتاب الدرس ده موجود في Unit 5: The Greenhouse Effect، جزء Writing in Action (صفحة 147-148)، وبعده على طول الـ Argumentative Paragraph اللي لازم تستخدم فيه اتنين على الأقل من التراكيب دي (صفحة 149). والـ Self-Assessment في آخر الوحدة بيذكر: because of / owing to / since / therefore / leads to / as a result.

الفكرة ببساطة: سبب ← نتيجة

Every cause-and-effect sentence has two parts: the cause (why) and the effect (the result). The connector you choose depends on what comes after it: a noun phrase, a full clause, or a new sentence.

فكّر فيها كده: فيه سبب (cause) زي «حرق الوقود» ونتيجة (effect) زي «الحرارة بتزيد». الكلمة اللي بتربطهم بتتغيّر حسب اللي جاي بعدها. ودي أهم نقطة في الدرس كله:

1. بعدها اسم أو عبارة اسمية (noun phrase) زي «the heat» أو «rising temperatures» — من غير فعل.
2. بعدها جملة كاملة (full clause) = فاعل + فعل، زي «the ice melts».
3. بتبدأ جملة جديدة بعد نقطة، وبعدها فاصلة.

جدول التراكيب (زي الكتاب وأكتر شوية)

Cause connectors introduce the reason. Effect connectors introduce the result.

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة

كل الأمثلة عن موضوعات Unit 5: الاحتباس الحراري، الوقود الأحفوري، الطاقة المتجددة، ومشروعات مصر الخضرا.

• Because of rising temperatures, glaciers are melting faster than ever.بسبب ارتفاع درجات الحرارة، الأنهار الجليدية بتدوب أسرع من أي وقت. because of + اسم.
• Owing to the lack of rain, many farms in the region are becoming dry.بسبب قلة المطر، مزارع كتير في المنطقة بقت ناشفة. owing to = because of بس أرسم.
• Since the planet is warming, sea levels are rising along the Nile Delta coast.بما إن الكوكب بيسخن، مستوى البحر بيعلى على ساحل الدلتا. since + جملة.
• Cars and factories release carbon dioxide. As a result, heat is trapped in the atmosphere.العربيات والمصانع بتطلع ثاني أكسيد الكربون. ونتيجة لكده، الحرارة بتتحبس في الغلاف الجوي.
• Solar energy is clean and cheap in Egypt. Therefore, the Benban Solar Park is a smart investment.الطاقة الشمسية نضيفة ورخيصة في مصر، علشان كده مجمع بنبان استثمار ذكي.
• Extreme heat leads to lower crop yields in many parts of the world.الحر الشديد بيؤدي لقلة المحاصيل. الفاعل (extreme heat) هو السبب، وبعد leads to النتيجة.
• Plastic waste in the sea results in the death of many marine animals.البلاستيك في البحر بيسبّب موت حيوانات بحرية كتير.
• Air pollution in big cities is caused by traffic and industry.تلوث الهوا في المدن الكبيرة سببه المرور والمصانع. مبني للمجهول.
• Coral reefs are getting warmer; consequently, many fish are losing their homes.الشعاب المرجانية بتسخن، وبالتالي أسماك كتير بتخسر بيوتها. الـ semicolon هنا بتربط جملتين كاملتين وبعدها consequently + فاصلة.
• As fossil fuels will run out one day, we need renewable energy now.بما إن الوقود الأحفوري هيخلص في يوم، محتاجين طاقة متجددة دلوقتي. as هنا = because.

نفس الفكرة بكذا طريقة

You can express the same idea with different structures. This is very useful when the question says Rewrite the sentence using ….

الامتحان بيحب يقولك «أعد الكتابة باستخدام…». اتعلم تحوّل نفس الجملة لكل التراكيب:

• Because people burn fossil fuels, the Earth is getting warmer.because + جملة.
• Because of the burning of fossil fuels, the Earth is getting warmer.because of + اسم: حوّلنا «people burn» لاسم «the burning of».
• Due to burning fossil fuels, the Earth is getting warmer.due to + -ing (الـ -ing هنا بيشتغل اسم).
• People burn fossil fuels. As a result, the Earth is getting warmer.جملتين، والتانية بتبدأ بـ As a result,
• Burning fossil fuels leads to global warming.السبب فاعل + leads to + النتيجة اسم.
• Global warming results from burning fossil fuels.النتيجة فاعل + results from + السبب.

الترقيم مع أدوات النتيجة

As a result, therefore, consequently usually start a new sentence and are followed by a comma. They can also come after a semicolon that joins two complete clauses.

Therefore و Consequently و As a result مش زي because. دي مش بتربط جوه نفس الجملة بفاصلة بس. عندك طريقتين صح:

• نقطة + الكلمة + فاصلة: The app sends notifications. Therefore, users check it often.
• semicolon (بتربط جملتين كاملتين مرتبطين) + الكلمة + فاصلة: The app sends notifications; therefore, users check it often.

وده بالظبط سؤال جه في Consolidation Review B: الجملة الصح كانت اللي فيها «; therefore, users check it more often».

إزاي نستخدمها في الـ Argumentative Paragraph

The book asks you to write an argumentative paragraph (150-180 words) that shows a clear cause-and-effect relationship and uses at least TWO cause-and-effect structures.

الفقرة الجدلية في الكتاب ليها 4 أجزاء: Topic Sentence (رأيك) ← Supporting Sentences (الأسباب والأدلة) ← Concession (الرأي التاني والرد عليه) ← Concluding Sentence. أدوات السبب والنتيجة مكانها الطبيعي في الـ Supporting Sentences. شوف المثال، والتراكيب بالـ bold:

It is clear that Egypt must invest more in solar energy. First, burning oil and gas leads to dangerous levels of air pollution in our cities. As a result, more people suffer from breathing problems. Furthermore, since Egypt enjoys sunshine for most of the year, solar power is a natural choice. Owing to projects like the Benban Solar Park, thousands of homes already receive clean electricity.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي:

1) Fill in the blanks with the correct connector from the box. (زي Writing in Context في الكتاب)

Box: because of – since – therefore – leads to

______ the drought, farmers lost their harvest.

الإجابة: Because of. ليه؟ بعد الفراغ «the drought» اسم من غير فعل، وفي أول الجملة.

2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

a. Due to the sea is rising, coastal cities are in danger.

b. Due to the rising sea, coastal cities are in danger.

c. Due to the rising sea coastal cities is in danger.

d. Due the rising sea, coastal cities are in danger.

الإجابة: b. (a) due to قبل جملة غلط. (c) cities جمع فـ are. (d) لازم due to.

3) Rewrite the sentence using the word in brackets.

Many trees were cut down. As a result, the soil was washed away. (led to)

الإجابة: Cutting down many trees led to the soil being washed away / led to soil erosion. ليه؟ led to محتاجة السبب فاعل في الأول، والنتيجة اسم بعدها، وزمن ماضي فـ led.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. ______ summers are getting hotter, people are using more air conditioners. a. Because of b. Since c. Owing to d. Due to

   Show answer

   b. Since — بعدها جملة كاملة (summers are getting hotter).

2. 2. ______ air pollution, many people in big cities suffer from asthma. a. Because b. As c. Due to d. Therefore

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   c. Due to — بعدها اسم (air pollution).

3. 3. Burning coal ______ high levels of carbon emissions. a. results from b. leads to c. because of d. since

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   b. leads to — الفاعل هو السبب (burning coal)، والنتيجة بعد الفعل.

4. 4. Sea levels are rising. ______, some coastal villages may disappear. a. Because b. Owing to c. Consequently d. Since

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   c. Consequently — في أول جملة جديدة وبعدها فاصلة.

5. 5. Many floods ______ the loss of forests that hold water in the soil. a. result in b. result from c. lead to d. cause

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   b. result from — الفاعل (floods) هو النتيجة، وبعد الفعل السبب (the loss of forests).

6. 6. ______ the high cost of fuel, more families are installing solar panels. a. Because b. Since c. Owing to d. So

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   c. Owing to — بعدها اسم (the high cost of fuel).

7. 7. Solar panels have become cheaper ______ new technology. a. because b. because of c. as d. therefore

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   b. because of — بعدها اسم (new technology).

8. 8. The bus system in our city is reliable, ______ fewer people drive to work. a. so b. because c. due to d. owing to

   Show answer

   a. so — بعد الفاصلة جملة هي النتيجة.

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. Because of the ice melts, seas rise. b. Because the ice melts, seas rise. c. Because the ice melts, seas rises. d. Because the ice melts, so seas rise.

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   b — (a) because of قبل جملة. (c) seas جمع. (d) because و so مع بعض غلط.

2. 10. a. Factories release smoke; therefore, the air is polluted. b. Factories release smoke; therefore the air are polluted. c. Factories release smoke therefore, the air is polluted. d. Factories release smoke, owing to the air is polluted.

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   a — semicolon بتربط جملتين + therefore + فاصلة. (c) ناقص الـ semicolon أو النقطة.

3. 11. a. Deforestation leads to animals lose their homes. b. Deforestation leads to the loss of animal habitats. c. Deforestation lead to the loss of animal habitats. d. Deforestation leads the loss of animal habitats.

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   b — leads to + اسم، وdeforestation مفرد فـ leads.

4. 12. a. Owing to the heavy rain, the streets were flooded. b. Owing the heavy rain, the streets were flooded. c. Owing to it rained heavily, the streets were flooded. d. Owing to the heavy rain the streets was flooded.

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   a — owing to + اسم، وstreets جمع فـ were.

C. Complete with the correct connector from the box. Use each one once.

Box: because of – since – as a result – leads to – is caused by – so

1. 13. Much of the warming ______ the gases we release when we burn fuel.

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   is caused by — الفاعل (the warming) نتيجة، والسبب بعد الفراغ.

2. 14. ______ young people care about the planet, many schools have started eco-clubs.

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   Since — بعدها جملة كاملة.

3. 15. Using public transport ______ cleaner air in our cities.

   Show answer

   leads to — السبب فاعل + النتيجة اسم.

4. 16. ______ the Go Green campaign, more families now recycle plastic bottles.

   Show answer

   Because of — بعدها اسم (the Go Green campaign).

5. 17. Wind does not blow all the time, ______ we need batteries to store energy.

   Show answer

   so — بعد فاصلة جوه نفس الجملة، واللي بعدها هي النتيجة. (As a result محتاجة جملة جديدة بعد نقطة)

6. 18. Farmers used less water on their fields. ______, the crops survived the dry summer.

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   As a result — في أول جملة جديدة بعد نقطة وبعدها فاصلة، وبتوضح النتيجة.

D. Rewrite each sentence using the word(s) in brackets.

1. 19. The weather was extremely hot, so the crops dried out. (Because of)

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   Because of the extremely hot weather, the crops dried out. — حوّلنا الجملة لاسم: the extremely hot weather.

2. 20. Plastic bags harm sea turtles. (result in)

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   Plastic bags result in harm to sea turtles. / … result in the death of many sea turtles. — result in + اسم.

3. 21. Many people use cars because buses are not frequent. (owing to)

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   Many people use cars owing to the lack of frequent buses. — owing to + اسم.

4. 22. Climate change results from human activity. (caused by)

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   Climate change is caused by human activity.

5. 23. Find and correct the mistake: Due to the temperatures are rising, coral reefs are dying.

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   Because the temperatures are rising, … أو Due to rising temperatures, coral reefs are dying. — due to مينفعش قبل جملة.

6. 24. Write TWO sentences about the Benban Solar Park using TWO different cause-and-effect structures.

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   مثال: Since Aswan receives strong sunshine all year, it was chosen for the Benban Solar Park. The park produces clean electricity. As a result, Egypt burns less oil and gas.

7. 25. JRE: To what extent does using cars cause climate change? Write 3-4 sentences with at least TWO cause-and-effect structures.

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   مثال: Justify: Cars are a major cause of climate change. Reason: Petrol engines release carbon dioxide, which leads to heat being trapped in the atmosphere. Evidence: In crowded cities, millions of cars run every day. Consequently, transport is one of the biggest sources of emissions. — J ثم R ثم E والتراكيب بتوضح السبب والنتيجة.